Artheru：Initial bilingual draft (auto-published)

2026-05-16T11:26:53Z

Initial bilingual draft (auto-published)

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== 概述 / Overview ==
牵引车（也称双阿克曼车型、tow-truck、tractor）的关键特征是 ''有非完整约束''（不能瞬时横移），加上 ''后挂多节拖车''时存在 ''逆向跟踪难''与 ''折叠/失稳'' 风险。MDCS 通过专用 Movement 与额外的拖车包络处理这些问题。

The tractor / double-Ackermann (tow-truck) vehicle has '''non-holonomic constraints''' (can't translate laterally) and, when towing trailers, the difficulties of reverse-tracking, jackknife avoidance, and trailer swing. MDCS handles these via dedicated Movements and trailer envelopes.

参考：浙江中力 (`D:\src\cookbook\adaption-reference\浙江中力\`) 等拖车 / 牵引适配案例。
References: Zhejiang Zhongli (`adaption-reference\浙江中力\`) and similar.

== 车型变体 / Variants ==
{| class="wikitable"
! 子型 / Sub-type !! 说明 / Description
|-
| 单阿克曼 / Single-Ackermann || 前轮转向，后轮驱动，无拖车 / Front-steer, rear-drive, no trailer
|-
| 双阿克曼 / Double-Ackermann || 前后都可转向（蟹行）/ Both axles steer (can crab-walk)
|-
| 牵引 + 1 挂 / Tractor + 1 trailer || 单个铰接点 / single hitch
|-
| 牵引 + N 挂 / Tractor + N trailers || 多铰接，每节带额外的运动学约束
|-
| 双向牵引 / Bidirectional tractor || 前后都能作为牵引头 / can lead from either end
|}

== 1. Medulla 适配 / Medulla side ==
关键 IO（以双阿克曼为例）：

<syntaxhighlight lang="csharp">
public class TowCart : CartDefinition
{
[AsInitParam] public string canIface = "can0";
[AsInitParam] public float wheelBase = 1450; // mm
[AsInitParam] public float trackFront = 1100;
[AsInitParam] public float trackRear = 1100;
[AsInitParam] public bool doubleAckermann = true;

[AsUpperIO] public float vCmd;
[AsUpperIO] public float steerFrontCmd; // 前轮转角 / rad
[AsUpperIO] public float steerRearCmd; // 后轮转角 / rad (sign for crab vs co-turn)
[AsUpperIO] public bool brakeOn;
[AsUpperIO] public bool hitchEngaged; // 挂钩控制 / hitch control

[AsLowerIO] public float vEst;
[AsLowerIO] public float steerFrontEst, steerRearEst;
[AsLowerIO] public float hitchAngle1, hitchAngle2, hitchAngle3; // 每节拖车的折角
[AsLowerIO] public bool hitchOK;
[AsLowerIO] public bool eStop;
}
</syntaxhighlight>

铰接角 / Hitch angles：每节拖车与前一节的相对角度，是逆向跟踪与失稳预警的关键状态。`hitchAngleN` 用 IMU 双轴或单点编码器测。

The hitch angle of each trailer relative to the one in front is the key state for reverse-tracking and jackknife warning. Measure via dual-axis IMUs or a hitch encoder.

== 2. Clumsy 自动驾驶适配 / Clumsy side ==
=== 关键 Movement ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Movement !! 用途 / Use
|-
| `SteeringLineFollowing` || 正向行驶（单 / 双阿克曼通用）/ forward driving
|-
| `SteeringLineFollowingReverse` || 逆向行驶（带 trailer）/ reverse with trailer
|-
| `CrabLineFollowing` || 蟹行（仅双阿克曼）/ crab walk (double-Ackermann only)
|-
| `TractorTurnAround` || 调头动作（多段曲线）/ multi-segment U-turn
|-
| `JackknifeGuard` || 守护线程：检测 hitch 角度过大时刹停 / guard thread for excessive hitch angle
|}

=== 逆向跟踪（reverse-track with trailer）===
带 N 节拖车做逆向跟踪时，运动学是 ''非线性、不稳定''。MDCS 采用：

Reverse-tracking with N trailers is nonlinear and unstable. MDCS uses:

# 在路径规划时 ''禁止''带挂逆向超过 5 m。
# 仅允许在专用的 ''逆向缓冲区''做带挂倒车，且车速 ≤ 100 mm/s。
# 控制器：以 ''最后一节拖车''的姿态为状态，通过非线性逆向控制律解算前轴转角。
# 任何 hitch 角度 ≥ 30° 立即停车 + 报警。

# Path planning forbids reverse-with-trailer > 5 m.
# Reverse-with-trailer only permitted in dedicated reverse buffer zones at ≤ 100 mm/s.
# Controller takes the rear-most trailer pose as the state and inverts to front-axle angle.
# Any hitch angle ≥ 30° → e-stop + alarm.

=== 调头 / U-turn ===
不带挂的牵引车 ''必须用最小转弯半径以内的曲线段拼接''来调头，常见 K-turn 或 U-turn。MDCS 的 `TractorTurnAround` Movement 包含一个解析的多段 Dubin's 路径生成器，已考虑 wheelBase + minTurnRadius。

A tractor without a trailer needs a multi-segment path within its minimum turning radius. The `TractorTurnAround` Movement uses an analytic Dubin's path generator parameterised by wheelBase and minTurnRadius.

== 3. SimpleComposer 端 / SimpleComposer side ==
=== 拖车包络 / Trailer envelope ===
牵引 + N 挂的包络必须由 ''拖车折角''计算 —— 直行时是简单的长矩形，弯路时各节会摆向不同方向，整体包络变成 ''扇形''。

The envelope of a tractor + N trailers is shaped by '''hitch angles'''. Straight-line travel gives a long rectangle; turning causes each segment to swing differently, producing a fan-shaped envelope. SimpleComposer dynamically recomputes this from hitch-angle readings.

=== 调度约束 / Scheduling constraints ===
* ''最小转弯半径''声明在车型属性中，调度寻路时排除半径过小的弯。
* ''带挂''与 ''不带挂''是两种不同的可达性状态（[[Special:MyLanguage/可达性状态编程|可达性状态编程]]）。
* 拖车数量影响交管锁；多挂车一次锁连续多个站点。

* Minimum turn radius declared in car props; pathfinder excludes tighter turns.
* Towing vs not-towing are two reachability states.
* Multi-trailer cars take multi-site locks at once.

== 4. 标定与调试 / Calibration & tuning ==
# '''前轮 / 后轮转角极性''' / Steer polarity: 单独测各轴的左 / 右极性，确认与 IMU 一致。
# '''单阿克曼直线度''' / Single-Ackermann straight: 直行 10 m 后侧向偏差 < 30 mm。
# '''双阿克曼蟹行''' / Crab walk: 命令 30° 蟹行 5 m，实际方向偏差 < 1°。
# '''拖车铰接角度''' / Hitch zero: 静态直拖时 hitchAngle 应 = 0；偏 > 1° 必须重做 IMU 零点。
# '''极限工况''' / Boundary: 满载 + 满拖 + 最小半径转弯，确认无失稳。

# Steer polarity per axle; confirm IMU sign agreement.
# Single-Ack straight-line: < 30 mm drift over 10 m.
# Double-Ack crab-walk: 30° crab × 5 m → heading drift < 1°.
# Hitch zero: static straight tow → hitchAngle = 0 ± 1°.
# Boundary: fully-loaded, full trailer train, min-radius turn → no jackknife.

== 5. 常见问题 / Common pitfalls ==
* '''逆向失控''' / Reverse instability: 拖车超 2 节时控制律不收敛；改成 ''分段倒车''（每次只倒 0.5 m 复位）。
* '''弯道挂车摆动''' / Trailer swing on curves: 把 `basespeed` 在弯道前先降到 50%，并加大 ''弯道前提早转向''时间。
* '''hitch 编码器漂''' / Hitch encoder drift: 检查机械连接 + IMU 零点；每天上电后做一次自检。
* '''带挂掉头空间不足''' / Insufficient room for U-turn: 调度寻路前必须知道拖车节数，否则 `TractorTurnAround` 会规划出穿墙路径。

== 6. 双向牵引 / Bidirectional tractor ==
双向牵引车前后都可拖挂；切换"主拉端"时，Detour 的车体坐标需要同步 ''翻转 180°''，并切换前向 / 后向激光雷达为 SLAM 主源。

A bidirectional tractor can pull from either end. When swapping the "lead end", flip the vehicle frame 180° in Detour and switch the primary SLAM lidar from front to rear.

== 相关页面 / See also ==
* [[Special:MyLanguage/MDCS引擎适配机器人入门教学|MDCS引擎适配机器人入门教学]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/叉车适配案例|叉车适配案例]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/全向车适配案例|全向车适配案例]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/潜伏顶升车(KIVA类小车)适配案例|潜伏顶升车(KIVA类小车)适配案例]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/可达性状态编程|可达性状态编程]]
* [[Special:MyLanguage/使用手册 - Simple:包络如何定义|Simple:包络如何定义]]

[[Category:开发手册]]

牵引车适配案例 - 版本历史

Artheru：​Initial bilingual draft (auto-published)

Artheru：Initial bilingual draft (auto-published)